Griefbots: Retos de la inteligencia artificial en tiempos del duelo mediado por lo digital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37511/Resumen
La creciente digitalización de la vida cotidiana está transformando de manera sustantiva la experiencia del duelo, al integrar prácticas virtuales que reconfiguran los rituales tradicionales de despedida y rememoración. En este contexto emergen los griefbots, chatbots que, a partir de los datos digitales de personas fallecidas, simulan interacciones con estas. Este artículo tiene como propósito reflexionar críticamente sobre el uso potencial de los griefbots en el acompañamiento terapéutico del duelo por la pérdida de un ser querido. Para ello, los griefbots se examinan a la luz de perspectivas contemporáneas sobre el duelo y se contrastan con otras herramientas tecnológicas ya empleadas en la práctica clínica en psicología. El análisis identifica posibles beneficios, especialmente al facilitar técnicas terapéuticas que emplean formas de contacto simbólico con el fallecido. Asimismo, se señalan desafíos relevantes, entre ellos el riesgo de dependencia emocional, la dificultad para aceptar la pérdida y la gestión de la memoria digital y los datos post mortem. Dado que la investigación empírica sobre griefbots es aún incipiente, se subraya la necesidad de enfoques interdisciplinarios que permitan evaluar sus efectos a largo plazo y orientar una integración ética y clínicamente responsable de estas tecnologías en la práctica psicológica.
Descargas
Referencias
Abd-Alrazaq, A. A., Alajlani, M., Allwin, A. A., Bewick, B. M., Gardner, P., & Househ, M. (2019). An overview of the features of chatbots in mental health: A scoping review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 132, 103978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.103978
Abd-Alrazaq, A. A., Rababeh, A., Alajlani, M., Bewick, B. M., & Househ, M. (2020). Effectiveness and safety of using chatbots to improve mental health: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e16021. https://doi.org/10.2196/16021
Adam, M., Wessel, M., & Benlian, A. (2020). AI-based chatbots in customer service and their effects on user compliance. Electronic Markets, 30(2), 469-492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-020-00414-7
Ahmed, A., Hassan, A., Aziz, S., Abd-Alrazaq, A. A., Ali, N., Alzubaidi, M., Al-Thani, D., Elhusein, B., Siddig, M. A., Ahmed, M., & Househ, M. (2023). Chatbot features for anxiety and depression: A scoping review. Health Informatics Journal, 29(1), 14604582221146719. https://doi.org/10.1177/14604582221146719
American Psychiatric Association. (2020). Board approves new prolonged grief disorder for DSM. Psychiatric News, 55(21), 14. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.11a12
Asukai, N., Tsuruta, N., & Saito, A. (2011). Pilot study on traumatic grief treatment program for Japanese women bereaved by violent death. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(4), 470-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20662
Barbeau, J. (2021). Project December: Chatbots for Grief. San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/2021/jessica-simulation-artificial-intelligence/
BBC News Mundo. (2020, 19 febrero). El polémico caso de la madre que se «reunió» con su hija muerta de 7 años a través de la tecnología. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-51557842
Brooker, C. (2013–2019). Black Mirror [TV series]. Channel 4; Netflix.
Blanquicet, J. A. (2024, 12 abril). El debate por magistrado de Pereira que usó ChatGPT dentro de una decisión judicial. El Tiempo. https://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/investigacion/el-debate-por-magistrado-de-pereira-que-uso-chatgpt-dentro-de-una-decision-judicial-3332948
Caldarini, G., Jaf, S., & McGarry, K. (2022). A Literature Survey of Recent Advances in Chatbots. Information, 13(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13010041
Daniels, G. (Creator). (2020). Upload [TV Series]. Amazon Studios.
De Heus, A., Hengst, S. M., de la Rie, S. M., Manik, A. A., Boelen, P. A., & Smid, G. E. (2017). Day patient treatment for traumatic grief: Preliminary evaluation of a one-year treatment programme for patients with multiple and traumatic losses. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1), 1375335. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1375335
Euronews. (2023). The rise of 'grief tech': AI is being used to bring the people you love back from the dead. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/12/the-rise-of-grief-tech-ai-is-being-used-to-bring-the-people-you-love-back-from-the-dead
Falala-Séchet, C., Antoine, L., Thiriez, I., & Bungener, C. (2019). Owlie: A Chatbot that Provides Emotional Support for Coping with Psychological Difficulties. En Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (pp. 236–237). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308532.3329416
Fitzpatrick, K. K., Darcy, A., & Vierhile, M. (2017). Delivering cognitive behavior therapy to young adults with symptoms of depression and anxiety using a fully automated conversational agent (Woebot): A randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, 4(2), e19. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.7785
Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2018). Are people incidentally exposed to news on social media? A comparative analysis. New Media & Society, 20(7), 2450-2468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817724170
Fong, C. H. C., & Chow, A. Y. M. (2017). Continuing bonds as a double-edged sword in bereavement? En D. Klass & E. M. Steffen (Eds.), Continuing bonds in bereavement: New directions for research and practice (pp. 276-286). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315202396-27
Gaffney, H., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. (2019). Conversational agents in the treatment of mental health problems: Mixed-method systematic review. JMIR Mental Health, 6(10), e14166. https://doi.org/10.2196/14166
Gibbs, M., Meese, J., Arnold, M., Nansen, B., & Carter, M. (2021). #Funeral and Instagram: Death, social media, and platform vernacular. Information, Communication & Society, 24(7), 1010-1024. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.987152
Gupta, A., & Katarya, R. (2020). Social media based surveillance systems for healthcare using machine learning: A systematic review. Journal Of Biomedical Informatics, 108, 103500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103500
Gutiérrez-Caneda, B., Vázquez-Herrero, J., & López-García, X. (2023). AI application in journalism: ChatGPT and the uses and risks of an emergent technology. el Profesional de la Información. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.sep.14
Heo, S., & Park, J-H. (2022). Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Graded Exposure Therapy on PTSD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15911. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315911
Hollanek, T., & Nowaczyk-Basińska, K. (2024) Griefbots, Deadbots, Postmortem Avatars: on Responsible Applications of Generative AI in the Digital Afterlife Industry. Philosophy & Technology, 37, 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-024-00744-w
Inkster, B., Sarda, S., & Subramanian, V. (2018). An Empathy-Driven, Conversational Artificial Intelligence Agent (Wysa) for Digital Mental Well-Being: Real-World Data Evaluation Mixed-Methods Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 6(11), e12106. https://doi.org/10.2196/12106
Jiménez-Alonso, B., & Brescó, I. (2022). ¿Griefbots para despedirnos de nuestros seres queridos fallecidos? Algunas consideraciones psicológicas y éticas. Monográfico: Experiencias y usos de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en salud mental y psicosomática: a propósito de su expansión a partir de la pandemia. DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory Of Open Access Journals). https://doi.org/10.34810/psicosompsiquiatrnum200404
Jonze, S. (Director). (2013). Her [Film]. Warner Bros.
Karppi, T. (2018). Disconnect: Facebook’s affective bonds. University of Minnesota Press. https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctv65sz27
Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (Eds.). (1996). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Taylor & Francis.
Newton, C. (2016, 6 octubre). When her best friend died, she used artificial intelligence to keep talking to him. TheVerge.com. https://www.theverge.com/a/luka-artificial-intelligence-memorial-roman-mazurenko-bot
Lim, S. M., Shiau, C. W. C., Cheng, L. J., & Lau, Y. (2022). Chatbot-Delivered Psychotherapy for Adults With Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Behavior therapy, 53(2), 334–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2021.09.007
Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, J. L. M. (2022). Replika y la compañía de la inteligencia artificial emocional. Visual Review, 10(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.37467/revvisual.v9.3606
HereAfter AI — FAQs. (s. f.). https://www.hereafter.ai/faq
Loebach, J. (2012). Complicated grief therapy as a new treatment approach. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 14(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/jwetherell
Milman, E., & Rheingold, A. (2023). Varieties and complexities of grieving. En E. M. Steffen, E. Milman, & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), The Handbook of Grief Therapies. Sage.
POST. (2021). The impact of digital technology on arts and culture in the UK. Retrieved from https://post.parliament.uk/research-briefings/post-pn-0635/
Rosner, R., Pfoh, G., & Kotoučová, M. (2011). Treatment of complicated grief. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.7995
Shawar, B. A., & Atwell, E. (2007). Chatbots: Are they really useful? LOA 2007: Proceedings of the Workshop on Lingustics and Ontology, an Interdisciplinary Perspective.
Shear, M. K., & Gribbin Bloom, C. (2017). Complicated grief treatment: An evidence-based approach to grief therapy. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 35(1), 6–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-016-0242-2
Shear, M. K., Reynolds, C. F., Simon, N. M., Zisook, S., Wang, Y., Mauro, C., Duan, N., Lebowitz, B., & Skritskaya, N. (2016). Optimizing treatment of complicated grief: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(7), 685-694. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0892
Steffen, E. M. (2023). Varieties and complexities of grieving. En E. M. Steffen, E. Milman, & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), The Handbook of Grief Therapies. Sage.
Torres, E. M. (2022). El duelo en la virtualidad. Retrieved from http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/153416
The Guardian. (2023). The Pope's puffer jacket: The AI-generated image that fooled the world. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com
Xygkou, A., Siriaraya, P., Covaci, A., Prigerson, H. G., Neimeyer, R., Ang, C. S., & She, W.-J. (2023). The "Conversation" about Loss: Understanding how chatbot technology was used in supporting people in grief. En Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 646). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581154
Wagner, B., Rosenberg, N., Hofmann, L., & Maass, U. (2020). Web-Based Bereavement Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers In Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00525
World Health Organization. (2018). ICD-11: Prolonged grief disorder. https://icd.who.int/ browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/118383 2314
Vlahos, J. (2017, 18 julio). A Son’s Race to Give His Dying Father Artificial Immortality. WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/a-sons-race-to-give-his-dying-father-artificial-immortality/
Van Der Vorst, R., & Kamp, J. M. (2022). 12. Designing a griefbot-for-good. En Moral design and technology (pp. 215-241). https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-922-0_12
Zhong, W., Luo, J., & Zhang, H. (2024). The therapeutic effectiveness of artificial intelligence-based chatbots in alleviation of depressive and anxiety symptoms in short-course treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 356, 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.057
Zhou, S., Zhao, J., & Zhang, L. (2022). Application of Artificial Intelligence on Psychological Interventions and Diagnosis: An Overview. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.811665
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Tesis Psicológica
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
